Corporation tax and tax avoidance essay

Organization duty and expense shirking exposition After the budgetary emergencies, general society has begun to raise their considerations to the duty evasion of a portion of the Global firms, for example, Starbucks, Google and Amazon. These organizations have a tremendous business turnover in UK, however they simply pay a couple or even no company expense to the administration. Since that, people in general has named this expense evasion activity as â€Å"immoral†. Before talking about the â€Å"immoral† conduct, I might want to quickly clarify the guidelines of HMRC on organization charge. The administration requires the enterprise charge on the constrained organizations joined in the UK and the outside based organizations with a perpetual spot of business in the UK and the measure of partnership charge depends on the measure of benefit that the organization has made. Anyway a portion of the worldwide organizations simply pay a limited quantity of enterprise charge contrasting and their benefits, and it is because of the escape clause of the principles. These organizations move their benefits to the expense paradise nations, in this way they can decrease the assessment liabilities to the base. Google, a global partnership which gives Internet looking through help, announced a benefit of  £3 billion for 2012, however the organization paid UK company expense of  £11.2 million, which is around 0.37% of its benefit. This unbalance charg e benefit proportion is a direct result of the escape clause of the guidelines. In spite of the fact that Google has set up workplaces in UK, and the ads of the business have made in a similar nation, the organization doesn't quit for the day offers in UK, and the exchanges are made in Ireland, which is a duty paradise. Since the benefit of the business isn't made in UK, it isn't committed to pay the company charge for their business benefit. Because of the expense evasion of Google, UK has lost a tremendous measure of tax assessment income. Somebody has been recommended that the conduct of Google charge shirking is â€Å"immoral†. To start with, it is uncalled for to the dedicated, legit UK citizen and general society. Tax assessment income is one of the fundamental income of the administration. It is the wellspring of store of supporting the open advantages, for example, kid advantage, carers and incapacity benefits, and so forth. For the citizen in UK, they pay distinctive charges to the administrations, in light of the prerequisite of the UK charge law. Since they have satisfied their obligations of making good on the expenses, they ought to have the privilege of getting a charge out of the advantages which gave by the administration. Be that as it may, Google paid just around  £11 million for the partnership charge, regardless of making a benefit of  £5.5 billion in the UK business, and it is a direct result of the assessment shirking plan utilized by the organization. One of the previous representatives from Google said that his previous boss has â€Å"cheated† British citizens out of a huge nu mber of pounds. (The autonomous, Sunday nineteenth May 2013) Due to the conduct of â€Å"cheating†, the income of UK government has been decreased, and a portion of the open advantages have been removed, for example, children’s focuses, lawful guide, and so forth. It will be out of line to people in general as they have satisfied their obligations, yet they can't make the most of their advantages that gave by the administration because of the expense shirking of those organizations. Furthermore, Google has an out of line upper hand to the UK organizations. As indicated by the standards of HMRC, restricted organizations joined in UK is required to make good on company charge. In 2013, the little benefits rate is 20%[1] and the fundamental pace of partnership charge is 23%[2], which implies that if the organization is making a benefit that surpass  £1,500,000 after deduct the stipend, it will require to pay 23% of its benefit as an enterprise charge. Nonetheless, Google simply paid under 1 % of its benefit by utilizing an assessment shirking plan. It built up a framework that ready to move the benefit of UK business through Ireland to the duty paradise. Since the assessment rate in charge paradise is lower than UK, thusly Google can decrease its expense liabilities to a low level even it has an incredible turnover in the UK business. This conduct encourages Google to increase a tremendous however out of line advantage over UK organizations. Since Google build up the duty shirking framework, it ready to bring down the company’s charge liabilities, just as stays more benefits in the organization. Additionally, it has a higher chance to upgrade its business than other UK organizations, as other UK organizations might not have enough assets concentrating on streamlining the business in the wake of covering the company charge. These uncalled for points of interest makes Google more alluring to be contributed than different organizations and the financial specialists may not be happy to put resources into other UK organizations. At last, somebody recommended that the conduct of Google is unethical as it is terrible for the monetary development. Google asserted that they paid duty on benefits produced from the administrations that they gave, yet the benefit on deals to UK business were executed in Ireland. These activities have caused an incredible duty gap[3] in UK, and it has influenced on the advancement of the economy. Since government will intend to create and improve its economy, and the financial plan is upheld by the assessment income of the administration. In the event that there is a gigantic duty hole in the nation, there might be deficient account to help the arrangement and along these lines the financial plan may need to defer or dropped. Alluding to the instance of Google, Google has evaded some portion of the enterprise charge by utilizing moving the benefit to Ireland, it has caused an expense hole in UK. Because of the duty hole in UK, the improvement of the nation has been postponed and pro mpts a diminishing serious to different nations. Subsequently somebody said the conduct of Google is indecent as it is taking favorable circumstances by harming the improvement of the nation. In any case, somebody contended that it is the obligation of Google to amplify the benefit of the organization. The principle objective of each organization is to follow up on the shareholders’ intrigue and help them to augment their riches. In this way, Google will attempt their best to decrease the costs of the organization, just as keeping the assessment cost at least level inside the domains of what is legitimate. Since if Google is being â€Å"moral† and doesn't lessen the expense liabilities to the least level, the benefit of the organization will diminish, which implies that the gaining of every investor will diminish as well, and they may not keep on putting resources into the organization. Likewise, Google may not appropriate an elevated level of profits to the investors as the benefit has diminished and Google may choose to save more benefit in the organization rather delivering profits to the investors. Financial specialists at that point may not keep on putt ing resources into Google as the organization won't amplify their riches and they may figure putting resources into different organizations will be superior to putting resources into Google. It might prompt absence of extra budgetary from new financial specialists, and along these lines the business can't improve or extend, and its serious will diminish in the long haul, prompting an expected danger of bankrupt. Thus that it is the duty of Google to lessen the assessment cost to the base level so as to come to the company’s goalâ€maximize the shareholders’ riches. In addition, there are contentions that it isn't the shortcoming of Google dodge to pay some portion of the organization charge, it is the flaw of the legislators that making the organizations too simple to even think about avoiding charge. UK charge framework is gigantic and confused, and the vast majority of the assessment laws are presented in an early time by the officials. Since the business society when the laws are presented is unique in relation to the current business society, in this way the laws may not appropriate for the current business society or there are provisos which the organization can exploit. Thus Google ready to stay away from an immense measure of partnership charge lawfully through these escape clauses. Since the escape clause of the duty laws has caused an extraordinary expense hole in the nation, the legislators has acquainted various techniques with seal the provisos and thusly organization won't capable evade the assessment simpler and the assessment hol e can be decreased. In this manner it is the obligation of the administrators to seal the escape clause of the laws so the corporate organization like Google can't stay away from the expense without any problem. At long last, regardless of whether Google has utilized some â€Å"evil† frameworks to lessen its assessment liabilities, yet the organization has â€Å"compensated† the general population with various good exercises. People in general griped in light of the improper conduct of Google, it has influenced the legislature to lessen the open advantages, and it didn't satisfy its ethical commitment to add to the general population. Nonetheless, Google has added to the general public by utilizing various strategies. For instance, Google has given free preparing and devices to the foundations in UK, and helped them to expand their raising money and ubiquity through the Internet. Likewise Google has offered awards to the foundation in the UK through the Google AdWords Grant Account, so those causes can raise more assets from Google and utilize the record to arrive at more givers, volunteers and customers. Other than that, Google furnishes various items with a markdown rate or f or nothing to the non-benefit making associations, so the associations can deal with financially savvy and high adaptability. Along these lines, Google has repaid the general population with various strategies regardless of whether it is unethical for Google to utilize the framework to stay away from the company charge. Ultimately, regardless of whether the proviso of the expense law has been fixed and the organizations are paying the normal measure of enterprise charge, it might tackle the ethical issue of those organizations, yet it might have negative effect on the economy of UK. When the escape clauses are fixed, the expense hole of UK will limit since the organizations are hard to evade the assessment. In any case, the outside organizations may figure the assessment laws will be excessively severe and it is hard to making benefits in UK, in this way these organizations may set up organizations in the nations that have low expense rates as opposed to putting resources into UK. Diminishing venture from outside financial specialists may af

Flower and Delicious Sunflower Bread

The sunflower family (Helianthus) has immaculate blossoms, with male and female organs both on a similar bloom, however with either the male or the female organ barren. What is typically called the blossom is really a composite bloom, made up of various blossoms or florets packed together. When the plant has blossomed, for the most part in summer, it delivers a sweet dust blend that draws honey bees and different bugs. At the point when the honey bees show up, they consider making the plunge with the dust as they drink the plant's nectar. The plant depends on the sperm-delivering dust coming into contact with the egg-containing shame. The yellow dust is moved from the creepy crawly's shaggy legs to the shame. This is the initial phase in sunflower multiplication. When the dust goes down the shame, it discharges sperm into the ovary. An accessible egg gets the sperm, and the egg is treated with a meat-bearing seed. The dust/sperm can have a place with the first plant or may originate from another sunflower. Self-fertilization is a system that the sunflower uses to remain alive. On the event where the shame gets no dust, the disgrace will wind and fold itself over its own dust. Seeds made without anyone else fertilization will just deliver blossoms that resemble the first plant, so no hybridization will have happened. Sunflowers are quick reproducers, and one plant can make many others. Plant seeds around a 1 inch beneath the ground. Germination happens rapidly, as a rule somewhere in the range of 5 and 10 days, yet spring crops produce a greater number of plants than summer crops. Spring crops are planted in April and May. Summer crops go in the ground in June and July. When the rear of the plant's head turns earthy colored, it is prepared for reaping. The Sunflower’s advantageous associations with different plants for the most part advantage the Sunflower, in light of the fact that the sunflower takes all the supplements and water from the dirt for itself and dominates (henceforth, its obtrusive). The Sunflower’s associations with honey bees and fowls and people is considerably less insatiable, notwithstanding. The colossal substance of the Sunflower takes care of numerous honey bees with its sweet dust, baseball players and winged creatures benefit from its large numbers of full, ready seeds. The Sunflower was first developed in mesoamerica (present day Mexico) in 2600 BC (A Gardeners Guide, 1996) and there is proof that it was being utilized by the Native Americans in the Mississippi valley in around a similar time. It is generally accepted that Sunflowers were developed for strict purposes having to do with different innate sun divinities. They additionally utilized the oil for strict ceremonies having to do with fighting, bread, clinical balms, colors and body paints. When Francisco Pizzaro desolated and looted the inviting clans of Peru, he ran over gold artworks and symbols of Sunflowers, which he took and took back to europe in the sixteenth century. The Europeans have been developing sunflowers from that point forward, generally in Holland, Germany, and France. Sunflowers are developed these days to make Sunflower margarine (a nutty spread other option), and it is blended in with rye to make a flavorful Sunflower bread, feathered creature food, serving of mixed greens mixings, and so on. The Sunflower oil, which is taken from the ready seeds is utilized ordinarily for cooking and furthermore utilized as a less expensive biodiesel. Sunflowers likewise produce latex

Can a Payday Loan Be Good For Your Credit Rating

Can a Payday Loan Be Good For Your Credit Rating Can a Payday Loan Be Good For Your Credit Rating? Can a Payday Loan Be Good For Your Credit Rating?While a payday loan isnt going to help your credit score, failing to pay one back can still hurt it.Your credit score is probably the most important three-digit number in your life. Not only does it determine the rates you’ll pay on your loans and credit cards, it can even determine whether you get approved for said loans or cards in the first place.Now, if you have a bad credit score, you’ll probably be stuck relying on bad credit loans and payday loans whenever you need to borrow money. Some of these loans can be a good option for emergency cash, but most of them are not.Aside from their  high interest rates and lump-sum repayment termsâ€"which can make them very difficult to repayâ€"payday loans have a third mark against them. Unlike a regular loan or credit card, paying one back one time will not help your credit score. In fact, taking out a payday loan can only ever hurt your score. Here’s whyCredit scores sum up your histor y as a borrower.  Your credit score is a number used by potential lenders and business partners (like landlords) to determine your trustworthiness as a borrower. The score is based on information from your credit reports, which are documents that track your history as a borrower over the past seven to 10 years. Credit reports are compiled by the three major credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax.While there are several different types of credit scores, the most important version is your FICO score, which is created by the FICO corporation. FICO scores are ranked on a scale from 300 to 850, with 300 being the worst score and 850 being the best. Generally, a score of 720 or above is considered great credit, while a score of 630 or below is considered bad credit.While the specific algorithm used to create FICO scores is kept secret, FICO has announced that your score is made up of five different categories of information: payment history, amounts owed, length of credit histo ry, credit mix, and new credit inquiries. To learn more about each category, check out the rest of our Know Your Credit Score blog series:Credit ScoresPayment HistoryAmounts OwedLength of Credit HistoryTypes of Credit UsedRecent Credit InquiriesThe most important category is your payment history; it makes up 35 percent of your total score. This category tracks your history of paying your bills on time. And when it comes to payday loans, payment history is the category where they doâ€"or rather don’tâ€"come into play.Payday loans come with high rates and no credit check.Payday loans are a type of small-dollar loan aimed at people with very poor credit scores. They are designed to be repaid on the borrower’s next payday (hence the name), which means they have very short repayment terms, usually two weeks or less.Payday loans have interest rates that can seem reasonable compared to other personal loans but are actually much higher than they appear. For instance, a two-week loan wit h a 15 percent interest charge doesn’t seem to bad, but it actually carries an APR over 390 percent!If payday loans were easy to pay off on time, then their cost wouldn’t be all that bad. However, studies have found that most payday loan customers have a great deal of trouble paying their loans off by the original due date. Part of this is due to lump-sum repayment, which means that the borrower has to pay the loan back all at once instead of in small, manageable increments.Payday lenders do not perform a credit check on their customers before lending to them. This can make their loansâ€"also sometimes referred to as “cash advance” loansâ€"very appealing to people with bad credit scores. But no credit check comes with a hidden downside.Payday loans don’t check your creditâ€"or report your payments.With no credit check loans like payday and title loans, it helps to think of credit reporting as a two-way street. These lenders do not run credit checks, but they do not report any information to the credit bureaus either.Your credit score depends on the information that’s in your credit reports, and the credit bureaus depend on lenders, landlords, utility providers, etc. reporting your payment information to them. So when it comes to your credit report, a loan from a payday lender might as well not exist.Earlier in this post, we mentioned that your credit score is the most important factor in your credit score. If you have a bad credit score, it’s probably because you have multiple late or missed payments on your credit report.This is why one of the best ways to repair your credit history and raise your FICO score is to start making all your payments on time. But if you take out a payday loan, it won’t matter at all. Since that payment information won’t get reported to the credit bureaus, there is no way that a payday loan will be able to help your credit score.A payday loan can’t help your score, but it can still hurt it.That doesn’t sound fa ir, right? And you’re correct! It isn’t fair. But it’s still true. Payday lenders do not report payments to the credit bureaus, which means that their loans cannot help your credit. However, failing to pay back your payday loan is a different story altogether.When you don’t pay back a lender, most of them will get rid of the debt by selling it to a collections agency and then writing it off. The same is true for payday lenders. The debt collectors that purchase your loan then try to contact you and get you to pay them back.And while payday lenders don’t report to the credit bureaus, debt collectors sure do. So that unpaid payday loan will get added to your credit report as a collection notice, which can dramatically hurt your score.Find a bad credit lender that reports  to the credit bureaus.If you have bad credit and need a loan, you’re better off sticking with an installment loan that, at the very least, gives you a chance to build your credit score. Some bad credit le nders, including OppLoans, perform a soft credit check when you apply. Soft credit checks don’t affect your credit score, so there’s no harm if your online loan application is rejected.Another good option is a secured credit card. Unlike regular cards, these are available to people with poor credit scores and are secured by a cash deposit that also serves to set your credit limit. These companies also report to the credit bureaus, so using your card responsiblyâ€" keeping your balances under 30 percent and paying them off every monthâ€"will help your score.To learn more about ways you can improve your credit score, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:An Apple a Day Keeps the Bad Credit AwayWant to Raise Your Credit Score by 50 Points? Here Are 4 Great TipsBad Credit Repair: When to Close a Credit Card and When to Keep It OpenHas an unpaid payday loan ever hurt your credit rating?  We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology

The Bowen reaction series is a description of how magmas minerals change  as they cool. The petrologist Norman Bowen (1887-1956) carried out decades of melting experiments in the early 1900s in support of his theory of granite. He found that as a basaltic melt slowly cooled, minerals formed crystals in a definite order. Bowen worked out two sets of these, which he named the discontinuous and continuous series in his 1922 paper The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis. The Bowens Reaction Series The discontinuous series starts with olivine, then pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. What makes this a reaction series rather than an ordinary series is that each mineral in the series is replaced by the next one as the melt cools. As Bowen put it, The disappearance of minerals in the order in which they appear ... is of the very essence of the reaction series. Olivine forms crystals, then it reacts with the rest of the magma as pyroxene forms at its expense. At a certain point, all the olivine is resorbed, and only pyroxene exists. Then pyroxene reacts with the liquid as amphibole crystals replace it, and then biotite replaces amphibole. The continuous series is plagioclase feldspar. At high temperatures, the high-calcium variety anorthite forms. Then as temperatures fall it is replaced by more sodium-rich varieties: bytownite, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, and albite. As the temperature continues to fall, these two series merge, and more minerals crystallize in this order: Alkali feldspar, muscovite, and quartz. A minor reaction series involves the spinel group of minerals: chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanite. Bowen placed them between the two main series. Other Portions of the Series The complete series is not found in nature, but many igneous rocks display portions of the series. The main limitations are the state of the liquid, the speed of cooling and the tendency of mineral crystals to settle under gravity: If the liquid runs out of an element needed for a particular mineral, the series with that mineral gets interrupted.If the magma cools faster than the reaction can proceed, early minerals can persist in partly resorbed form. That changes the evolution of the magma.If crystals can rise or sink, they stop reacting with the liquid and pile up somewhere else. All of these factors affect the course of a magmas evolution—its differentiation. Bowen was confident that he could start with basalt magma, the most common type, and build any magma from the right combination of the three. But mechanisms that he discounted—magma mixing, assimilation of country rock and remelting of crustal rocks—not to mention the whole system of plate tectonics he did not foresee, are much more important than he thought. Today we know that not even the largest bodies of basaltic magma sit still long enough differentiate all the way to granite.

How to Use Flash Cards to Study Chemistry

Flash cards can be a great study aid. You can use them to help memorize facts, lists, and structures as well as to reinforce important concepts. Heres how to prepare and use flash cards to study. Learning Facts with Flash Cards Start with a stack of blank index cards.On one side of a card, write a question or name of a structure you need to memorize. On the back of the card, write the answer. Limit yourself to one fact per card.Prepare as many cards as you need.To use the cards effectively, view the question and quiz yourself. Do you know the answer? Check the back of the card. If you answered correctly, set the card aside. If you were wrong, place the card on the back of your stack so that you will see it again.Proceed through your stack of cards. Set aside cards you get right and continue through cards you get wrong until you have gotten all questions/answers correct.Now shuffle the cards and repeat the process.Practice makes perfect, so if you get frustrated, set the cards aside and come back to them. Go through your cards every day (or more often, if you are cramming). Memorizing a List with Flash Cards If you are memorizing an ordered list, try to guess the next card before you look at it. Continue through your list until you get a wrong answer.With the cards in the same order, start from the beginning and go through the cards to see if you can get further.For long lists, it may help to break the list up into manageable pieces, such as three smaller stacks of cards. Once you get the smaller stacks correct, put them together and see if you can recite the entire list.

Henrik Wolff The Dead End Of Western Civilization

The words that we use in every day conversation help us to convey a message to whoever we are speaking to. Words are used in order to evoke a reaction, or create a lasting effect on whoever is receiving them. Authors determine the words they want to use by organizing their arguments or main points. In both Hipster: The Dead End Of Western Civilization by Douglas Haddow, and Bullet in the Brain by Tobias Wolff, the authors choose to make use of intellectual diction in order to indicate the idea that an absence of spontaneity is holding society back. In Bullet in the Brain by Tobias Wolff, main character Anders is described as being sarcastic, cynical, and argumentative. Anders is a very serious man who has been through a lot of hardships in his life that have made him the cynical man that he is today. Because he is a book critic, no matter what situation, Anders critiques everything that occurs around him. â€Å"Anders had never paid much attention to that part of the bank, a pompous old building with marble floors and counters and pillars, and gilt scrollwork over the tellers cages. The domed ceiling had been decorated with mythological figures whose fleshy, toga-draped ugliness Anders had taken in at a glance many years earlier and afterward declined to notice. Now he had no choice but to scrutinize the painter s work (Wolff,  ¶.26).† This quote directly shows what kind of a person Anders is. Even in the face of danger, he is still being his normal self. Anders has a gun to

hamlet, edgar sawtelle contrast Essay Example For Students

hamlet, edgar sawtelle contrast Essay Brittany Travers MS. OBrien English IV 18 January 2013 Comparative Essay In the drama of Hamlet and the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle there are many similarities. One of the most interesting similarities being, the relationship between Hamlet and Horatio, and Edgar and Almondine. They both reflect on the loyalty, protection and support shown in each writing. In Shakespeares drama Hamlet, Horatio and Hamlet have been best friends since there childhood years and have been ever since. In Wroblewskis novel, The Story of Edgar Sawtelle, Edgar and Almondine have been inseparable since the birth of Edgar, with the locality of Edgar being born mute. All of which are displayed in the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle, and the drama Hamlet. In the drama Hamlet, Horatios loyalty is rock-steady throughout the play. So much that he is Hamlets only true confidant. Horatio, being Hamlets one and only best friend is the one to tell him that the watchmen have seen a ghost resembling his father. After revealing the news to Hamlet they then go together to see the ghost and are sworn to secrecy about the ghosts appearance. This is one situation in the drama f Hamlet where loyalty is displayed. In Wroblewskis novel, loyalty is shown through the communication of Edgar and Almondine. Knowing Edgar is disabled, Almondine is trained to help him find a way of communicating. With Edgar being born mute, they speak through what is called sign. This shows his loyalty through Almondine sticking by his side. In the scene of the fght with Hamlet and Laertes, Horatio warns Hamlet not to take part in the friendly duel that Claudius and Laertes have arranged. By telling Hamlet this, Horatio is looking out for his best interest and trying to keep both of them safe. Also in the tragedy Hamlet, the bond with both friends is shown in the plays ending. Horatio offers to commit suicide when his beloved Hamlet is dying before him. Hamlet insists, however, Horatio lives to tell the tragic story, and he does so. This is the upmost way of showing Horatios protective instinct for his best friend Hamlet. During The Story of Edgar Sawtelle, Almondine also shows his loyalty through the findings of Edgar after he leaves to the Chaquemegon Forest. Usually dogs will lie around and die of a broken heart, but Almondine, a dog with some degree of hope about the world ends up looking around. Almondine chooses the latter. She begins to search, not Just for Edgar but for a solution to the whole dilemma of being without Edgar, about being separated from ones purpose in life, to help him communicate. This is something larger and more intelligent than physical separation. A question that Edgar himself happens to encounter with at that moment. In conclusion, there are many similarities in both the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle and the drama Hamlet with the comparison of loyalty between Edgar and Almondine, and Horatio and Hamlet. hamlet, edgar sawtelle contrast By btraversl 5

Thelonious Monk

Monk – an iconic figure in the history of jazz music Thelonious Monk is an iconic figure in the history of jazz. He is often called â€Å"one of the founding fathers of the Bebop Revolution of the forties† (Crouch 86). His extraordinary music style has been admired by thousands of jazz lovers and followed by many prominent musicians.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Thelonious Monk – Unorthodox Pianist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monk’s discography embraces numerous pieces which have become examples of the harmonized chaos which opened up new horizons for new understanding of jazz, performance and music in general. Of course, musical genius cannot belong to ordinary person and Monk is a great illustration for such statement. This outstanding composer and musician had an extraordinary life which from the first years was inevitably connected with music. Interestingly, his musica l career was similar to his music: it was full of ups and downs, unpredictable twists and pauses. In spite of periods of oblivion, Monk’s genius and contribution into development of world jazz music is recognized and praised. It goes without saying that Monk’s heritage is to be cherished and his life should be studied so that novice musicians can understand what a real music masterpiece is. The dawn of Monk’s music career Monk’s early life A lot has been said and written about Thelonious Monk, but there is still â€Å"about Monk’s life and art that resists complete knowledge† (Solis 19). Monk remains an enigmatic person even in spite of numerous interviews, commentaries and books. However, it is very tempting to have a try and reveal his secret. So, Thelonious Monk was born in 1917 in North Carolina. After a while his family moved to New York City and this to great extent entailed the appearance of new jazz genius. Crouches calls Monk  "the first Picasso of jazz† denoting that he was first â€Å"to develop a style that willfully shunned overt virtuosity in favor of a control of the elements of the music in fresh ways† (87). However, this parallel is also relevant in the other point: Monk’s talent was revealed at very early age, as well as Picasso’s. Moreover, likewise Monk’s teacher, Simon Wolf, after few sessions with him said to one of his student’s parent: â€Å"I don’t think there will be anything I can teach him. He will go beyond me very soon† (qtd. in Kleinzahler BR10). Interestingly, Monk’s mother did not see her middle son as a pianist, instead she wanted him to play trumpet. Actually, Thelonious did play this instrument for a while, but his sister music teacher told his mother that the boy has a talent for playing piano. Thelonious recalled this in the following way: â€Å"I started to study trumpet, but the music teacher saw me playing on th e piano and he said, ‘You got to take up piano.’ So I took piano† (qtd. in Kelley 25). In fact, Monk was always fascinated by piano.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He could repeat any tune he heard once, he was also self-learning watching his sister’s lessons. When Monk started his piano lesson he was not, of course, taught jazz music. Wolf taught his young talented pupil â€Å"works by Chopin, Beethoven, Bach, Rachmaninoff, Liszt, and Mozart† and he was amazed by Monk’s ability to master the most difficult places so quickly (Kelley 26). Thelonious was fascinated by Rachmaninoff and Chopin. However, in two years Wolf stopped teaching Monk, and he started learning from jazz musicians living in the neighborhood. Monk was devoted to music and spent a lot of time playing in his house or at his friends’. However, he also had one mor e place to develop his talent. This place was Columbus Hill Community Center which was a great place for numerous children from the neighborhood to develop various skills like sport, art, etc. It is necessary to add that the Center became a second home for Monk since he spent there a great deal of time. Thus, in 1933 Monk organized his first band which gave performances at parties and even several gigs at restaurants (Kelley 35). This was the start of Monk’s musical career. Monk’s first steps in his music career In 1934 Monk’s band performed at â€Å"Audition Night† and won the main prize, ten dollars. In fact, they won several times, so Monk’s sister Marion recalled: â€Å"The three of them would go up and they won every time they went up, so they barred them from coming up there because they were wining each time† (Kelley 36). However, these victories did not bring any fame to the trio. They were still playing for little money and no publi city. Instead, Monk’s musical career influenced negatively his study. He was in class only sixteen days out of ninety-two and got â€Å"zeroes† for all subjects (Kleinzahler BR10). Having broken his mother’s aspiration that her son would get proper education, Monk devoted himself totally to his God, music. It is necessary to add that those were really difficult times of the Great Depression so any money brought into the family were of great importance. Soon Monk’s mother arranged his playing for Reverend Graham, a female evangelist, who was preparing her tour of the west â€Å"in order to save souls and drive out affliction† (Kelley 40). This period of his life is believed to produce great impact on Monk’s further life and music style. Despite of some remarks that Monk was a kind of travelling with a circus, the experience in church was really important for him. In contrast to his early style, quite a lot is known about his playing for this tour. Thus, Kelley suggests that Monk was influenced by such gospel hymns composers as Dorsey and Tindley (45). Interestingly, blues and jazz were regarded as demonic at that time, and at the same time African-American evangelists used some points of these music genres. Apart from the development of unique music style this period influenced his manner of performance. Monk used to stop playing, stand up and dance a bit while other musicians in the band were playing. According to Kelley:Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Thelonious Monk – Unorthodox Pianist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His â€Å"dance† consisted of a peculiar spinning move, elbow pumping up and down on each turn, with an occasional stutter step allowing him to glide left and right. It was a deliberate embodiment of the rhythm of each tune†¦ At the very least, what Monk witnessed on the road with the evangelist reinforced for him the essential relationship between music and dance – music is supposed to move the body and touch the soul (46). After his return to New York he takes up any job: he plays at parties and at night clubs. It was at that time when he fell in love with Rubbie, so he desperately needed money to marry and make his living. After numerous attempts to find proper job he entered union, to become secure from jobs when musicians could be fired and get no salary at all. The membership in union was beneficial not only for his certain financial security but for his style development. At that time he met many prominent musicians and those new acquaintances inspired him not only perform his music but create his own pieces. Eventually, in 1941 Monk was offered a permanent job at Minton’s Playhouse which was â€Å"about to become a jazz legend† (Kelley 59). This was, in fact, a great starting point for his worldwide fame and recognition. Of course, not only Thelonious play ed at that place, many significant figures of jazz music were performing there as well. This variety of styles, believes and approaches also contributed to Monk’s style development which brought him success. Monk’s contribution into the development of jazz music Thelonious Monk’s great success. Starting from 1941 Monk has a chance to reveal his talent to public. He improvised and played his own music. His style became distinctive and, of course, unique. Sometimes (in some tunes or compositions) people saw slight similarities with other performers. However, Monk never stopped surprising his listeners and those who knew him well. His performances were unique, vigorous extravagant and inspiring. At that period he worked really hard. He had only few hours of sleep dedicating the rest of the day to rehearsing, playing, creating. It is necessary to add that it was then that his friends noticed his mental problems: they could see him sleeping at his piano, forgetting t hings. However, this was also the period of his first records. As Sheridan claims it is difficult to denote the precise date of the performance, but those records are extremely valuable since they reveal Monk’s style at the very beginning of his career (7). It is necessary to add that at the time when others try to invent something Monk was just playing his music: â€Å"What I was doing was just the way I was thinking. I wasn’t thinking about trying to change the course of jazz, I was trying to play something that sounded good† (qtd. in Sheridan 7).Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, Monk’s music sounded great and attracted many people. Thelonious was an unorthodox pianist who had a great sense for music. He knew where it is necessary to pause and when the piano should blow with dissonant twist, he harmonized such changes in tune perfectly. Crouch claims that in Monk’s music there was a mix of conventional and outlandish melodies, sophisticated and primitive tunes (87). Since then Monk’s music and his performances gained great popularity. He was giving successful gigs, managed to make many recordings. Of course, some people criticized Monk, and this made him eager to prove that his style is not a primitive lack of technique but sophistication of his talent. He had some problems with tardiness and eventually got fired, in spite of the fact that public adored him (Sheridan 15). So, Monk arranged a band of young musicians and continued performing for his admirers. In 1948 Monk had first recording session for Blue Note, Thelonious, Subur ban Eyes and Down Beat (Sheridan 18). This was a remarkable session since it was the first one to be under his own name. Later there were another sessions. It is necessary to point out that then Monk did not have many gigs and performances. However, those he had were really outstanding. Monk’s legacy comprises about 70 compositions which are all musical masterpieces (Otfinoski 161). He worked really hard for twenty years and gave a lot of performances which made him famous worldwide. He made several tours in the United States and also tour to Europe where he became a great success. Crouch stresses Monk’s magnificent ability to develop the theme of his each work. He managed to maintain one and the same theme throughout his melody, even when at the same time shifted from one theme to another. His strong accents and unpredictable improvisations made him one of the most significant jazz musicians of the twentieth century. Monk’s unorthodox style and his contribution into the development of jazz Admittedly, the role of Thelonious Monk in the history of music is impossible to overestimate. His desire to play good music led to the development of the unique music genre within a genre. He revolutionized jazz music breaking all conventional rules and prejudice. Monk used to mention that he often heard someone playing his music. He was an inspiration for many musicians and composers. Crouch even calls Monk â€Å"a theoretician and instructor† who taught what jazz really was to such prominent musicians as Dizzie Gillespie or Miles Davis (86). Monk understood the real nature and aim of jazz music which demands that musicians presented their own versions of traditional â€Å"four-four swing†, their own ballads and blues compositions (Crouch 87). Moreover, Monk foresaw the real role of the listener of jazz music which is not passive at all. Monk required that the listener should â€Å"play the song along with him, fill in the holes† he used to leave, the listener should understand what he was doing â€Å"with the beat, or at least sense more than ordinary† (Crouch 87). Monk was not simply playing some music but rather telling a story. Some people cannot understand his metaphors and images and criticizes Monk for being too inconsistent. But Thelonious explains: â€Å"Everything I play is different; different melody, different harmony, different structure. Each piece is different from the other one. I have a standard and, when the song tells a story, when it gets a certain sound, then it’s through†¦ completed† (qtd. in Sheridan xxxi). Such distortion of the composition melody and harmony is regarded as a transition from the oldest jazz to the newest one (Sheridan xxxi). Monk opened up new horizons for jazz musicians. His major message was that there can be no conventions in jazz music which should be a reflection of every soul. For instance, Monk revealed his inner thoughts, his dreams. He used to contemplate using melodies and tunes. In his music he reveals the world around him. Thus, Monk once said: â€Å"You want to know what sounds I put into my music? Well, you have to go to New York and listen for yourself. I can’t describe them† (qtd. in Sheridan xxxiv). Thus, his music has taught that the music is everywhere; moreover, it cannot be that harmonious as conventional rules want it to be. The life itself makes unpredictable accents, makes abruptions, mixes tunes. Perhaps, this universal comprehensiveness of his music which evokes the most sacred parts of human soul made Monk an iconic composer and a Giant of jazz. Monk’s last years and his significance for the history of jazz Unfortunately, Thelonious Monk was too similar to his music: he was as unpredictable, inconsistent and non-understandable for many. These features determined quite short period of time of his fruitful work. Only two decades Monk was creating his best compositions and gi ving his greatest performances. The little talented boy who revealed his uniqueness at a very early age managed to present only twenty years of flourishing talent to the world as an adult musician. Of course, it is necessary to admit that Monk had to live in quite difficult times. Financial difficulties social problems could not be beneficial for the development of jazz music and easy fast-growing success of an African-American musician. Moreover, he had serious problems with his health which started when he was young. Apart from this he took amphetamines which also shorten his life and caused various problems for his musical career. In fact, it is still unclear why he quitted so abruptly. Perhaps, it was the answer can be found in his music which is characterized by such dissonants and abruptions. However, more likely this inconsistency is rather in Monk’s nature which is revealed in his compositions. Smooth melodies were quite unnatural for him. Thus, the last decade of his life Monk gave few performances and did not create anything new. Of course, he gained his fame and was praised as one of the most important figures in jazz music, and was proud of that status. However, he was not anymore a participant of performances and concerts as he used to be. His health problems worsen. He spent many days at hospital and when he was home his health disturbed him. Thelonious spent his last years in the house of his friend and benefactor Pannonica de Koenigswarter, the â€Å"jazz baroness† and in 1982 he died â€Å"in the arms of his wife, Nellie† (Kleinzahler BR10). Of course, his music remained immortal and his contribution into the world music can never be forgotten. Monk is an embodiment of the life itself. In conclusion, it is possible to point out that extraordinary life and divine gift of an unorthodox pianist made it possible for many people to admire his passionate music. Thelonious Monk was a representative of a generation of great transf ormers. Moreover, he embodied the entire epoch in his compositions. This was the epoch of great changes which led to the development of new jazz. Nowadays it is impossible to imagine jazz music without Monk’s vision and improvisation. His legacy is still inspiring many musicians not only in the United States but far beyond the boundaries of this country or even the continent. Monk’s revolutionary approach is now a conventional basis for jazz music which teaches that this kind of music cannot follow any conventions. Unfortunately, too many performances were not recorded. Nevertheless, Thelonious Monk was a great theoretician and his remarks and numerous interviews can, at least partially, revive his affluent heritage. Of course, no one will be able to perform like Monk but his legacy will create numerous prominent jazz musicians in future. Works Cited Crouch, Stanley. Considering Genius: Writings on Jazz. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007. Kelley, Robin D. G. Thelonio us Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009. Kleinzahler, August. â€Å"Monk’s Moods.† New York Times 18 October 2009: BR10. Otfinoski, Steven. African Americans in the Performing Arts. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Sheridan, Chris. Brilliant Corners: A Bio-Discography of Thelonious Monk. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. Solis, Gabriel. Monk’s Music: Thelonious Monk and Jazz History in the Making. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. This term paper on Thelonious Monk – Unorthodox Pianist was written and submitted by user Alisson Alvarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates

Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates Introduction The measure of expectancy theory depends on attitude of employees as the only measure for their relationships (DuBrin, 388, 2008). Every person has a different perception of achieving firm’s set targets/goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also have various personal targets such as the anticipate goals set during their elevated efforts in performances. The expectancy theory is one of the standardized measures of how people make their own business decisions depending on the differences of behavioural patterns, which determine the alternatives they are likely to choose. These behavioural patterns are known as the motivational forces (MF) over tasks, actions or business conducts, which determines performance (DuBrin, 388, 2008). According DuBrin (388, 2008), Vroom’s Expectancy theory presents the motiv ational force as a measure that depends on three factors namely, Valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Motivational force is thus a product of the three factors. MF= Valence * Expectancy * Instrumentality Reference of the Expectancy theory The emotional point of reference that each employee has towards satisfactory achievement of personal goals refers to valence. One needs to place some motivating goals such as the rewards they anticipate at the end of the contract. These rewards can be needs, goals or personal values such as better remuneration packages, promotion, and engagement into a program. From the case study, Andrew’s valence was the promised nomination for the firm’s management course, which would provide opportunity for possible posting as a future executive. Andrew anticipated higher income was indirect since his primary concern was possibility of getting promotion to a management position after the firm’s managerial studies. The program sponsored by the company is highly respected since upon completion, successful learners have high possibilities of becoming executives in the firm. Andrew hard and long input hours were in the aim of securing a place at the program.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Valence depends on one’s expectations of satisfaction. It is a force that makes people to react differently for a given situation for instance, the position one get appointed to may be having situations that cause a lot of anxiety but one can give in all other aspirations, to achieve the goals amidst crisis. It is individual’s attitude towards determining the motivational levels. These personal perceptions are subject to intrinsic beliefs for instance, a person might shy away from a task or role due to value for personal peace of mind, while those with greater value for money will work towards the goa ls to enhance their pays. Valence is therefore not the final product or satisfaction that one gets after attaining a goal, but the expectations for some personal goals (DuBrin, 389, 2008). This means that employees who lack motivating factors have zero valences. They have negative point of reference or find no need of attaining goals. Contrary David felt that Andrew had not attained the require competence to get a nomination for a position to the graduates ‘management training program due to the reports about his performance on the assigned tasks, and this injured his further prospects in the firm. According to DuBrin (389, 2008), Expectancy Theory indicates that expectancy is a personal conviction over ability or strength to meet firm or self-set targets/goals. It is personal desire to achieve expected levels, especially those set by the management. The desire makes one to have a strong conviction over personal ability to deliver, therefore one is able to place expectancy bas ed on prior analysis of efforts and performance on similar tasks. At the attachment and casual levels, Andrew had the submissive and agreeing personality that went well with the supervisors as well as the customers. This good quality made him a good sales person and presented him as an amiable personality among his clients who had become regular customers. His advice to clients enhanced his relationship with supervisors since it was crucial for their decision-making and need to return to the store. His reputation at the store during internship and casual programs was excellent and the relationship with the store manager caused his recall after his six-month certificate course to serve as the assistant manager. David was sure that Andrew would meet the expectancy levels based on his prior performances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recall also boosted Andrew’s confidence and therefore all along he expected that his efforts would lead to anticipated performance. He was sure that positive interactions with others and hard work would improve customer experiences, and consequently improve sales. Andrew was a self-proclaimed achiever as indicated by his actions. He was immensely confident of achieving the set objective of enhancing employees- customers’ relationship and gain a subsequent accomplishment of his set-objective, to win nomination for the prestigious company’s managerial course. Contrary, when an employee feels that the efforts may fail to meet the set targets, their probable expectations are lower. The level of confidence determines the employees’ expectancy and eventually boosts motivational levels. In accordance with McShane et al (331, 2010) Expectancy Theory indicates that when the employee is confidence enough, the managements are ready to live up to the end of the bargain since his involvement is a good deal. This influential or convincing level is termed as instrumentality. European clubs bargain for good international athletes and are often ready to pay highly since they eventually anticipate better results and consequently better financial benefits for their clubs. Instrumentality is therefore the probability that a certain engagement will deliver better outcomes based on the relationship between prior perceived performances and offered rewards. It is a personal believe that ability to meet performance levels translates to better or hefty rewards. In most firms people believe that better performances such as better production leads to bigger rises in salary or levels of command. Various companies offer commission for achievement of certain levels of performances. In such a situation, employees will be motivated to achieve the set level for the material gains. The companies therefore fail to establish a better, constant method of motivatio n. The extra gain is the valence since it creates satisfaction. The set target is achievable, but it depends on one’s confidence over ability. In such a case, the valence and personal expectancy of higher compensation are very instrumental in determining possibilities of working hard to realize the set target. In line with Gitman and McDaniel (246, 2008), â€Å"The product between perceived levels of satisfaction, the personal confidence of achieving the level and the rewards that one hopes to achieve makes up a motivated person.† â€Å"Valence* Expectancy* Instrumentality = Motivation†. Since motivation forces is a product of the three factors, if any of them is zero, then there is lack of a motivating force.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the call up, Andrew was assigned role of restructuring the employee’s relationships with clients across the entire city store. His confidence emerged due to fact that most colleagues liked him even better than they liked their manager. They were free to discuss with him various business challenges and follow his guidance. This was a boost on his expectancy probability and his confidence that his efforts would deliver required results. Andrew’s confidence strengthened his instrumental probability to meet the set expectations and therefore receive the promised reward. The reward was his immediate valence to win nomination for the prestigious management-training program. Equity Theory of employees’ Motivation According to Gitman and McDaniel (247, 2008), equity theory of employees motivation determines the relationship between the drudgery of an employee and the fairness of the management’s actions against their work. Berating staff due to failure to meet achievements is common in many organizations or firms. There is a great correlation between an employee’s perception of supervisors’ treatments and efforts required for the task. This relationship determines the motivational level and any future decisions. Equity theory enables employees to find a balance between their input to a job/task and output (Gitman and McDaniel, 247, 2008). The employees unconsciously place values for their contributions such as time factor (amount of time lost), qualifications, contributed experience, strength and capabilities. The output values are often promotion (status or power gains), recommendation, monetary gains, work flexibility, variety and perquisites, some of which one is able to gain after a promotion. Andrew perceived David’s decision to nominate a colleague instead for the management course as unfair and considered a quit would be better than another year’s wait. His efforts were enormous since he had follow- up programs for the employees and worked extra hours due to the expectancy probability of winning the nomination. Although the efforts were great, he lacked strategy and evaluation procedures. Lengthy sessions were devoted to training and solving individual problems to perfect their presentations. He forgot that the performance analysis, mainly analysis of company’s income from sales would be the key determinant of performance and not the employees’ abilities. At one time, Andrew considered the performance analysis to be David’s task and confidently thought that his strategies would deliver better results. This was a clear indication that achievement depends on performance of various people in the organization; therefore, cooperation and guidance are key aspects of performance. Comparison of Case to Expectancy Theory According to DuBrin (289, 2008), on expectancy theory, a highly motivated person is one who is able to achieve his/her valence, but achievement is also measurable in terms of whether the rewards are measurable to the efforts. Fair treatment therefore comes in when the remuneration is equivalent or close to the work input. Although fair treatment is essential, employees should not be treated equally, despite others measuring up better in terms of their contributions to the firm. In line with DuBrin, (289, 2008), over rewarded employees perform better and have better produce compared to the under-rewarded employees. David’s failure to nominate Andrew was a clear indication that there existed conflict over their valence. Andrew worked towards achieving the nomination from his supervisor, while David focused on his bonus gains after enormous sales volumes. However, there is negligence from both since Andrew would have found some means of determining his performances other than basing on possibility of performing better as per the employee’s responses. David on the other hand should have been involved in evaluation pr ocedures and thus offer guidance early enough to avoid poor outcomes that were converse to expectations. Andrew deserved better treatment and encouragement even when he failed to meet the sales levels. He had achieved the set goal of improving customer experiences but in a different manner, which failed to be productive enough. Andrew felt the urge to quit and find something different such as enrol for the commerce degree elsewhere because his instrumental probability in line with expectancy theory has failed thus killing his motivating factor (Gitman and McDaniel, 247, 2008). His output as the assistant manager at city store was in vain, since it was the only bridge for the managerial course and consequently long-term prosperity at Myer Company. Andrew was being compelled by consequences. According to Gitman and McDaniel (246, 2008), reinforcement theory states that behaviour exists as a meaning of one’s consequences. The manager’s decision not to nominate him shutter s Andrew’s self-confidence. Instead of just indicating his intentions of nominating one of Andrew’s colleagues for the program, David would have taken time to review Andrew’s performance together with him and point out the problems that caused failure. Providing alternative offered would also not shutter his motivation to a point of forfeiting his job for a different option. Clarification and alternative rewards encourage employees to work smarter or work on the same tasks/situations, since their instrumental probability is still in existence although lowered. Poor relationship between managers and subordinates creates discouragement and feeling of failure among the subordinates. They often cannot question the responsibility of the manager and thus endure the whole burden solemnly. Conclusion Good Working Relationships It is important to have good working relationships between managers and subordinates. The work relationship between David and Andrew must have go ne wrong considering that David had initially promised Andrew direct nomination into the management program, as long as he performed well as assistant manager during his first six months of service. Placing personal needs ahead of others destroys performances since there are high possibilities of obliterating any existing motivation among subordinates. David had a slow and hierarchical career progress, where he worked very hard in various companies to progress to the next level. He did not have job mentors and considered his experience as an essential business learning procedure. Due to his prior business-performance relationship with Andrew at Myre, David believed in Andrew’s excellence and knew that by engaging him as assistant manager, he would improve the aspect of customer courtesy across the entire store. This would eventually improve the store’s performances and he would gain better bonuses. On the other hand, having been awarded team responsibility in various s ections of the store, Andrew found this to be an opportunity to prove and market his leadership skills among them for a possible senior management position in the future. They were both acting selfishly for some personal gains or relating to personal prior experiences. Bibliography DuBrin, A. J. (2008). Essentials of Management. Ohio, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Publishers. Gitman, L. J. McDaniel, C. (2008). The Future of Business: The Essentials. Ohio, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Publishers. McShane, S., Olekalns, M. and Travaglione, T. (2010). Organisational Behaviour on  the Pacific Rim. 3rd Edition. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia.

Thermodynamic and Fluids Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thermodynamic and Fluids Report - Coursework Example In the second part we shall use a pitot static tube to determine the behavior of air flow. The basic principle of both the pitot, static and pitot static tube is that the pressure of a flowing fluid will increase if it is brought to rest at a point of stagnation of the probe. If an assumption is made that if the flow in the fluid is similar to that of a gas, the velocity of the fluid will be much smaller as compared to the speed of sound such that the changes in the density may be overlooked (Bertin, 2002). Therefore, the fluid basically behaves like an incompressible fluid. The point of stagnation can be located on the system and the streamlines can be bent past the body of the aircraft. The pressure experienced at the point of stagnation is referred to as the stagnation pressure. If the viscous effects experienced by the body are negligible, the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure is usually related to the dynamic pressure which is then related to the square of the velocity (Panton, 2005). Therefore, the velocity information is then conver ted to a pressure difference which can e measured by a measuring device for pressure such as the manometer (von Kà ¡rmà ¡n, 2000). The static tube is composed of a cross section surface with tubes and a manometer. The air flows across the cross section into the manometer where the density of air can be determined. The manometer allows for the determination of the static pressure, the dynamic pressure and the stagnation pressure of the fluid. The pitot static tube is a combination of the static and pitot tube. In this tube, the flow in the tube is axi-symmetric and within the vicinity of the nose. The pitot tube is then connected to one limb of a U tube manometer while the other limb of the manometer is connected to a tap made on the tube wall. Both the tap and the nose of the tube approximately on the same planes. An

Capital Strucutre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Strucutre - Essay Example Based on the above assumption, the theory suggest that the firm value is independent of the capital strucutre and there is no fixed combination of the debt and equity which can suggest that it this level the firm has the optimum capital strucutre. However, in practice it is largely believed that the capital strucutre with 60% of debt and 40% of equity can be optimum for the firm. Higher debt capital may fund the growth of the firm however with increasing debt, it becomes hard for the organisations to keep the financial covenants of their debts intact therefore high debt ratios incur further risk for the organistion therefore there is no such magical relationship between debt to book capitalization ratio. The debt to book capitalization therefore vary from industry to industry and there Is no solid formula to determin tha the debt to book capitalization ratio of 60% therefore there is no capital strucutre theory under which it can be justified that a debt to book capitalization ratio should be 60%. A greenfield project is one which is built from scratch and is not constrained by any previous work. These projects are mostly constructed on the unused land where there is no room or need required to remodel the existing piece of land to demolish the existing strucutres. According to the transcation theory of foreign direct investment, the mode of entry into markets especially foreign markets depends upon how efficient the greenfiled projects will be as compared to the domestic facilities. If the greenfield projects are going to give more efficient results than the existing ones than going for greenfield projects can be a good move however if efficiencies are not achieved than in that case greefield projects may go awry. Therefore one of the most important lesson which can be learned from this is the fact that how good greefield projects can bring the desire efficiency and effectiveness in the company specially with relation to the operational efficiency. (Hennart). Apart from that the greenfield projects providethe organisation necessary room to look for better and more efficient resources.  

The Life of the Mango Tree Essay Example for Free

The Life of the Mango Tree Essay * Johnson was an Englishman who came to Trinidad to visited Franklin on a coco estate * Johnson was very interested in local folklore * Sam fell in love with Urmilla * On Johnson’s return to England he got a rare blood disease due to the cold climate. Characters: Johnson: Gary Johnson was a young Englishman who had come to Trinidad to spend the holidays with his friend Franklin’s on his coco estate in Sangre Grande. He left England in winter as he was eager to get some sunlight. While Johnson stayed with his friend he was quite interested to learn all about the estate. Johnson enjoyed hearing and listening to the local superstition and every time he heard a story he would write it down in a notebook. He very much liked a young local girl named Urmilla who he eventually planned to marry. He became ill with a rare blood disease and had very little time to live. Sam: Sam was the overseer of the estate who worked there for many years. He is the narrator of the story. He liked Urmilla and her father spook to her to try to marry Urmilla. He never told Urmilla how much he had like her. Urmilla’s father made her promise to marry Sam before he died but Sam told Urmilla he would not hold her to the promise. Urmilla: Urmilla was a beautiful young Indian girl who worked on the estate. Her father wanted her to get married. Urmilla liked Johnson and they eventually planned to get married. Urmilla was very happy when Johnson returned to the island but was she was worried about his illness and went to the local obeah  man to get a cure for him. Socdeo: He was an elderly man who Urmilla father and wanted her to get married. Franklin: Franklin was a middle aged Englishman who had bought the cocoa estate after the price of cocoa had fall on the world’s market and the estate was going to ruin. Franklin was a kind hearted person who treated his workers well and became a god father to many children in the village. He was a good friend of Johnson and encouraged Johnson to run the estate with him.

SmartCards :: essays research papers

SmartCards What is a Smartcard A Smartcard is a standard credit card sized plastic card with an integrated circuit embedded in it. This integrated circuit includes a microprocessor and a bit of memory, which together hold information in electronic form and controls who uses the information and how they use it. The Smartcards ability to store and control many different types of information, as well as its large storage capacity, gives rise to several Smartcard applications. For example, a single Smartcard could take the place of a credit card, a debit card and even be used as an electronic purse to carry Electric-cash (E-cash). The plastic card itself can incorporate words and pictures or graphics printed on it which can be easily understood by the card holder as well as the people the card holder meets. The integrated circuit holds information in electronic form that can be easily, securely and accurately accessed by all sorts of electronic data processing equipment. Some Smartcards are smarter than others, the smartness of a card depends on the complexity of the embedded processor, as well as the software that is installed on the chip. Even the simplest cards, like the pay phone cards, are smart enough that they are virtually impossible to copy or falsify. However, the simplest Smartcards do not provide any security against unauthorized use. In other words, if you lose your pay phone card, anyone else can use it. There are of course smarter cards that provide such security by incorporating a password or even a biometric identifier such as a fingerprint to restrict its use to one person. The most sophisticated cards can manage several passwords and can use authentication and ciphering techniques to provide virtually total security. History behind Smartcards In January 1974 Roland Moreno, a Frenchman and former reporter, devised a revolutionary new payment system. His idea was an electronic stored value application mounted on a ring. His idea was simple, when the bearer needed money, they would 'load'; the currency onto the ring therefore enabling the bearer to be able to spend electronic money at a store which had the suitable electronic equipment. Then in March 1974 Roland presented his project to a few French banks where he demonstrated a transaction-taking place from the ring to the reading device. In September 1974 the first chip was mounted onto an epoxy card and this was the birth of 'Smartcards';. Then in the next few years Smartcards evolved and took on the size of a credit card.

Honor killingskillings Essay

It is shocking to see that in today’s era when education and awareness has become the most integral part of human and societal development. Moreover, women empowerment and their role in every walk of lives have changed over the period of time. There are still such hideous practices that are being done in some parts of the world under the disguised name of honor killing and Pakistan being one of the countries which holds the highest rates of honor killings in the world. Karo Kari another name for ignorance. This name originated from the rural areas of interior sindh. It is being practiced in areas of Sindh such as Jacocabad, Sukkur, Khairpur, and Larkana along with other areas of Sindh and some places in Punjab. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM Pakistani society is rich with multiple cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Each of these cultures and people from diversified ethnic groups come from distinct backgrounds and live together hence they have their own traditions and customs which they have been following since years. In the rural areas of Pakistan the tribal system still exists such as areas in the interior sindh. This is where the ‘jirga’ system or commonly known as the â€Å"panchayat† system exists. Under this system the rich and the influential class of the village tends to form a committee and takes decisions on behalf of everyone and the decision given by this group is bound to be accepted by every member of the society. They have their own way of judging the case and passing a verdict on that, they take their own time, they think over it and give the date for the decision. The lower and the poor working class is suppressed under this system as they don’t have any say in it and obliged to follow it. KARO KARI Karo Kari is practiced when the women of the family has brought dishonor to the family name by any means. This could be if the woman has any illicit relations with any man, or an extra marital affair, she could be a rape victim or even if she wants to get married to somebody of her choice she is brutally killed by one of the family members themselves in order to bring back the lost glory and name of the family. It is not just this that an innocent women can be categorized as Kari and killed it is also when the family and the brothers want to keep the property and resolve land disputes she becomes a victim of this murder, for example if a man owes some money to a person and that creditor comes to his place in order to collect the money to his place from another village and stays over night. The person who owes the money would kill his wife next day and declare her a Kari so that he doesn’t have to pay the money . in this way the creditor would choose to leave without taking the money rather being declared as Karo and being killed. Similarly a man can be declared a Karo even if he doesn’t have any kind of affair with a woman but he has any form of dispute with some other tribe and he’ll be killed under the name of honor killing. These killings tend to have the most inhuman ways of torturing some one and sentencing them to death. They will bury the girl alive recently in one of the states of Sindh, Khairpur; a girl was thrown in front of dogs to be torn apart as an act of hour killing. THE RISE IN THE NUMBER OF KILLINGS It is very depressing to see that the trend in the number of killings that has taken place due to this has increased over the years instead of dropping. It is estimated that over the last six years in Pakistan the number of deaths caused by Karo Kari have been more than six thousand which included around 800 men too, so it is not just women who fall for this, there are men too but their number is relatively lower than the women. Different societies have different people and thinking therefore they believe what they are doing is the right way but this practice of suppressing the right of women and taking her right to live is a murderous crime and contradictory to the teachings of Islam. It is that barbaric evil of the society that has to be eliminated completely. Even worse is the fact that the rich and influential class tends to get away with this practice while the poor are helpless and they become the victim. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT As far as the government and other NGO’s are concerned then in the year 2004 there was an amendment made in the constitution which declared honor killings such as Karo Kari as equal to murder however, this amendment never came into practice because under another clause of the constitution it was stated that the accused can get away with the crime if one gets the consent of the family and in this case of Karo Kari the victims family itself is the one who are doing it therefore nobody can be put to trial as they don’t appear in the police station. It is the government’s duty to look into this matter and they should have made an alteration in the other amendment so that this brutal practice can be put to an end, however no concrete step has been taken to curb this. KARO KARI IS UNJUSTIFIABLE Karo Kari is a cultural shock to anyone who belongs to a civilized, developed and educated society and would condemn it. it is a murder not a punishment there could be any other ways of punishing one for their doings but such act is not justifiable on any grounds, it is barbaric and takes away the freedom of speech and expression. The dominating men in the â€Å"jirga† system have curbed the rights of women in these rural areas. It is actually the sardars who are the influential â€Å"waderas† who tend to encourage this practice as this increases their prestige in the society ,over that they get a compensation from the â€Å"jirga† too. Karo Kari is another name for ignorance, Islam has already restricted the Muslims and it has set punishments for the victim therefore any other act that is being practiced under its name is simply ignorance. In Islam having an illicit sexual relationship is condemned and the accused is whipped not subject to killing. How can one justify the killing of a woman who has been subjected to rape? By declaring such a women Kari and killing her society is depriving the soul from getting justice and instead of taking her out of that trauma one is putting an end to her life. Why are women accused more then men in Karo Kari, it is not that men are more faithful then women it is just that women are weak in these areas and men are strong that is why they are able to get away with it. These â€Å"jirga† have no right to take away the liberty to live from such people; they should work for the benefits of the society by coming to a conclusion on the basis of â€Å"shariah† not merely stay ignorant. Women are not property that their life is kept at stake to resolve land disputes. Moreover the killing is done in the most inhuman way. To bury some one alive, throwing her in front of dogs or to burn her alive is unjustifiable. Such practices were there in the olden days when there was no education and no awareness but it’s shocking that it still exists in our society and nobody has done anything to put an end to it. It is unjustly exploited by the feudal land lords and the elite class of the village who use Karo Kari to resolve their personal matters. One such incident took place when a native of interior Sindh came home after years of hard work from Dubai and brought money back home to start some form of business in his native land. He came in the eyes of the feudal lord due to his money and business. The opportunist wanted to trap him in the case of Karo Kari and he got the opportunity when the man by mistake prayed on the grave of some other women, thinking it to be his wife’s grave. The feudal lord took advantage of this and declared him a Karo; the man not only paid 15million to the land lord in order to save his life, he was kicked out of his home land and his business was taken away. There are many such instances when the influential people of the â€Å"panchayat† system tend to trap others for their own good and they use this practice of Karo Kari as a tool in order to get away with it. It is unfortunate to see that such murders are given the name of honor killings. THE URBAN AREAS VERSUS THE RURAL SETUP The tragedy with these women lies in the fact that they are born in such a set up and society where they are considered as a burden on the family. Girls still cannot compete with the boys and neither can they express their opinion. Sons are preferred over daughters. Daughters are not encouraged to go to school or get exposed to the outside world. Therefore their thinking is confined to just one place. They are expected to do what they are asked for and nothing else. Lives in the urban areas are an extreme opposite view of this. If one may not go far and compare with places in the similar province such as Karachi. The region is developed and modern. It is a cosmopolitan city and comprises of people from all caste, color and creed and they all share different cultures and languages and live altogether. Women here are educated and empowered like never before. They are independent, focused and know exactly what they want out of their lives. They are working as well as having a family and they are doing well in every walk of lives and competing with men. They take their own decisions. The living and culture of these societies varies from the rural areas actually there is no comparison. The two societies share the same religion and language yet again there are differences of opinions and thinking process. The urban life of Karachi is mush more modern and liberal as they are adopting the western culture in their society. Apart from the right to go out or make money, women can dress up the way she wants, socialize, make friends and do whatever she wants to. Girls are actually encouraged to go and study in co education and moreover sent abroad for further education and their families and relatives support them in this. In these urban areas there is no such thing as ‘jirga system. Life is different here justice drawn through legal courts and with the help of police. A rape victim can go to the police and lodge a complaint against the culprit and she has the right to live and fight for her right and nobody can stop her. All kinds of disputes pertaining to property, ownership, marriage or anything are resolved through legal procedure in the courts. After the age of eighteen years the girl and the boy have the right to choose her own life partner and get married to him legally. The concept of honor killings does not exist in these urban areas. This society has its own set of evils and drawbacks such as poverty, corruption, unemployment, terrorism. Women in urban areas are as influential and resourceful then men that they can not be dominated unjustly. Tribal system is a sign of backwardness and illiteracy and refusal to accept this fact is what is leading to what it is today. These two societies have completely different set of values, cultures, traditions and norms that they follow. The living and lifestyles of these people are also different. In the urban areas there are also powerful and influential people who tend to subjugate the weaker class, however that is done in entire different way where the free will of everyone is not included like the â€Å"jirga† system where everyone is bound to listen to them? Life in the urban society has made men and women strong and independent that’s the way they are brought up, whereas the tribal system has put them in a much weaker stand. The practice of Karo Kari is a social issue and it can not come to an end until there is no change in the social structure of the society and in order to change to be there, there has to be awareness and education and the powers of the rich and the land lords needs to be curbed so that they don’t exploit the common man who work for them as their slaves. It should not be encouraged but since it has been following from years and the people in the villages associate it as a matter of prestige and honor that is why is strongly accepted and being followed. It is not being used in villages to make easy money. The men’s of the family tend to kill their own daughter, wives and sisters ruthlessly in order to make easy money. it is actually depressing to see this that in today’s time such type of unjust ways of killings are taking place by the wrongdoers and they are justified on the basis of honor killings. 60% cases of the cases of Karo Kari are reported to be where the accused were innocent and yet killed. Every society and every religion have their own set of limitations which are known to all. Yet again those are not being followed that doesn’t mean that one can make use of it and exploit it on the basis of â€Å"ghayrat†. There are officials in the government who haven’t done anything to stop this practice because they feel it is not wrong, not only men, there are women who are seen in the political setup who have the ability to do something, yet are not doing anything. There are different cultures and people living in one country and each of them have their own problems and drawbacks. Whereas in one province one woman can get married by giving a divorce to her husband and in the other society she is buried alive if she has her own opinion. This tribal system has gone so worse that the people who live under it fear their death and therefore few try to escape and the ones who have money give that and get away with everything. Even if people try to escape these killings the villagers look for them and they kill them whenever and wherever they find them. Education is the key in all this that can reduce the gap and disparity among the two societies and give everyone the freedom to live as an independent citizen. ohou Key words Honor killings in Pakistan Karo Kari and the tribal system Women empowerment

A Report On The Crime On Children - 1291 Words

The crime on which the paper will focus involved a couple that was arrested for causing injury to their child aged thirteen. Christi Howell and Casey Shackleford were both accused of tying their son’s genitals with a rope and waterboarding the boy (Boroff, 2016). According to the case, the couple was charged with injury to a child. Shackleford had additional charges for violating parole regulations that required him not to harm a family member or engage in violence (Boroff, 2016). The boy said that the reason for the punishment was that the boy inappropriately touched a dog. The boy said that Shackleford told his mother to pour water over the boy’s head while he held a towel to the kid’s face. He then told the boy’s mother to tie the†¦show more content†¦The functionalist idea about sexuality is that the family is the primary institution that controls or regulates sexual indulgence. The idea thus does supports the perception that pre-marital and extra-marital sex is against the norm. The symbolic interactionism perspective, however, adopts the concept that the society is a result of the daily interactions between individuals in the society. Structural functional and symbolic interaction are sociological paradigms that may help to analyze the crime case above. From Structural functionalism view, the crime is justified as the father (Shackleford) and the mother (Christi) played the role of the family in correcting socially unaccepted behavior. The government institutions also played their role in altering the couples’ actions. The crime thus helped to point out the socially unacceptable actions based on the events in the case. The symbolic interaction theory may justify the child’s actions to be acquired from his cultural environment. Moreover, Shackleford’s behaviors were probably influenced by his company especially having been arrested before. Christi and Shackleford’s society values masculinity and the sexual orientation considered as the norm is heterosexuality. The general opinion concerning homosexuality or unusual sexual behaviors in Christi’s dominant culture is that it is related to mental instability or certain