How to Use Flash Cards to Study Chemistry

Flash cards can be a great study aid. You can use them to help memorize facts, lists, and structures as well as to reinforce important concepts. Heres how to prepare and use flash cards to study. Learning Facts with Flash Cards Start with a stack of blank index cards.On one side of a card, write a question or name of a structure you need to memorize. On the back of the card, write the answer. Limit yourself to one fact per card.Prepare as many cards as you need.To use the cards effectively, view the question and quiz yourself. Do you know the answer? Check the back of the card. If you answered correctly, set the card aside. If you were wrong, place the card on the back of your stack so that you will see it again.Proceed through your stack of cards. Set aside cards you get right and continue through cards you get wrong until you have gotten all questions/answers correct.Now shuffle the cards and repeat the process.Practice makes perfect, so if you get frustrated, set the cards aside and come back to them. Go through your cards every day (or more often, if you are cramming). Memorizing a List with Flash Cards If you are memorizing an ordered list, try to guess the next card before you look at it. Continue through your list until you get a wrong answer.With the cards in the same order, start from the beginning and go through the cards to see if you can get further.For long lists, it may help to break the list up into manageable pieces, such as three smaller stacks of cards. Once you get the smaller stacks correct, put them together and see if you can recite the entire list.

Henrik Wolff The Dead End Of Western Civilization

The words that we use in every day conversation help us to convey a message to whoever we are speaking to. Words are used in order to evoke a reaction, or create a lasting effect on whoever is receiving them. Authors determine the words they want to use by organizing their arguments or main points. In both Hipster: The Dead End Of Western Civilization by Douglas Haddow, and Bullet in the Brain by Tobias Wolff, the authors choose to make use of intellectual diction in order to indicate the idea that an absence of spontaneity is holding society back. In Bullet in the Brain by Tobias Wolff, main character Anders is described as being sarcastic, cynical, and argumentative. Anders is a very serious man who has been through a lot of hardships in his life that have made him the cynical man that he is today. Because he is a book critic, no matter what situation, Anders critiques everything that occurs around him. â€Å"Anders had never paid much attention to that part of the bank, a pompous old building with marble floors and counters and pillars, and gilt scrollwork over the tellers cages. The domed ceiling had been decorated with mythological figures whose fleshy, toga-draped ugliness Anders had taken in at a glance many years earlier and afterward declined to notice. Now he had no choice but to scrutinize the painter s work (Wolff,  ¶.26).† This quote directly shows what kind of a person Anders is. Even in the face of danger, he is still being his normal self. Anders has a gun to

hamlet, edgar sawtelle contrast Essay Example For Students

hamlet, edgar sawtelle contrast Essay Brittany Travers MS. OBrien English IV 18 January 2013 Comparative Essay In the drama of Hamlet and the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle there are many similarities. One of the most interesting similarities being, the relationship between Hamlet and Horatio, and Edgar and Almondine. They both reflect on the loyalty, protection and support shown in each writing. In Shakespeares drama Hamlet, Horatio and Hamlet have been best friends since there childhood years and have been ever since. In Wroblewskis novel, The Story of Edgar Sawtelle, Edgar and Almondine have been inseparable since the birth of Edgar, with the locality of Edgar being born mute. All of which are displayed in the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle, and the drama Hamlet. In the drama Hamlet, Horatios loyalty is rock-steady throughout the play. So much that he is Hamlets only true confidant. Horatio, being Hamlets one and only best friend is the one to tell him that the watchmen have seen a ghost resembling his father. After revealing the news to Hamlet they then go together to see the ghost and are sworn to secrecy about the ghosts appearance. This is one situation in the drama f Hamlet where loyalty is displayed. In Wroblewskis novel, loyalty is shown through the communication of Edgar and Almondine. Knowing Edgar is disabled, Almondine is trained to help him find a way of communicating. With Edgar being born mute, they speak through what is called sign. This shows his loyalty through Almondine sticking by his side. In the scene of the fght with Hamlet and Laertes, Horatio warns Hamlet not to take part in the friendly duel that Claudius and Laertes have arranged. By telling Hamlet this, Horatio is looking out for his best interest and trying to keep both of them safe. Also in the tragedy Hamlet, the bond with both friends is shown in the plays ending. Horatio offers to commit suicide when his beloved Hamlet is dying before him. Hamlet insists, however, Horatio lives to tell the tragic story, and he does so. This is the upmost way of showing Horatios protective instinct for his best friend Hamlet. During The Story of Edgar Sawtelle, Almondine also shows his loyalty through the findings of Edgar after he leaves to the Chaquemegon Forest. Usually dogs will lie around and die of a broken heart, but Almondine, a dog with some degree of hope about the world ends up looking around. Almondine chooses the latter. She begins to search, not Just for Edgar but for a solution to the whole dilemma of being without Edgar, about being separated from ones purpose in life, to help him communicate. This is something larger and more intelligent than physical separation. A question that Edgar himself happens to encounter with at that moment. In conclusion, there are many similarities in both the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle and the drama Hamlet with the comparison of loyalty between Edgar and Almondine, and Horatio and Hamlet. hamlet, edgar sawtelle contrast By btraversl 5

Thelonious Monk

Monk – an iconic figure in the history of jazz music Thelonious Monk is an iconic figure in the history of jazz. He is often called â€Å"one of the founding fathers of the Bebop Revolution of the forties† (Crouch 86). His extraordinary music style has been admired by thousands of jazz lovers and followed by many prominent musicians.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Thelonious Monk – Unorthodox Pianist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monk’s discography embraces numerous pieces which have become examples of the harmonized chaos which opened up new horizons for new understanding of jazz, performance and music in general. Of course, musical genius cannot belong to ordinary person and Monk is a great illustration for such statement. This outstanding composer and musician had an extraordinary life which from the first years was inevitably connected with music. Interestingly, his musica l career was similar to his music: it was full of ups and downs, unpredictable twists and pauses. In spite of periods of oblivion, Monk’s genius and contribution into development of world jazz music is recognized and praised. It goes without saying that Monk’s heritage is to be cherished and his life should be studied so that novice musicians can understand what a real music masterpiece is. The dawn of Monk’s music career Monk’s early life A lot has been said and written about Thelonious Monk, but there is still â€Å"about Monk’s life and art that resists complete knowledge† (Solis 19). Monk remains an enigmatic person even in spite of numerous interviews, commentaries and books. However, it is very tempting to have a try and reveal his secret. So, Thelonious Monk was born in 1917 in North Carolina. After a while his family moved to New York City and this to great extent entailed the appearance of new jazz genius. Crouches calls Monk  "the first Picasso of jazz† denoting that he was first â€Å"to develop a style that willfully shunned overt virtuosity in favor of a control of the elements of the music in fresh ways† (87). However, this parallel is also relevant in the other point: Monk’s talent was revealed at very early age, as well as Picasso’s. Moreover, likewise Monk’s teacher, Simon Wolf, after few sessions with him said to one of his student’s parent: â€Å"I don’t think there will be anything I can teach him. He will go beyond me very soon† (qtd. in Kleinzahler BR10). Interestingly, Monk’s mother did not see her middle son as a pianist, instead she wanted him to play trumpet. Actually, Thelonious did play this instrument for a while, but his sister music teacher told his mother that the boy has a talent for playing piano. Thelonious recalled this in the following way: â€Å"I started to study trumpet, but the music teacher saw me playing on th e piano and he said, ‘You got to take up piano.’ So I took piano† (qtd. in Kelley 25). In fact, Monk was always fascinated by piano.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He could repeat any tune he heard once, he was also self-learning watching his sister’s lessons. When Monk started his piano lesson he was not, of course, taught jazz music. Wolf taught his young talented pupil â€Å"works by Chopin, Beethoven, Bach, Rachmaninoff, Liszt, and Mozart† and he was amazed by Monk’s ability to master the most difficult places so quickly (Kelley 26). Thelonious was fascinated by Rachmaninoff and Chopin. However, in two years Wolf stopped teaching Monk, and he started learning from jazz musicians living in the neighborhood. Monk was devoted to music and spent a lot of time playing in his house or at his friends’. However, he also had one mor e place to develop his talent. This place was Columbus Hill Community Center which was a great place for numerous children from the neighborhood to develop various skills like sport, art, etc. It is necessary to add that the Center became a second home for Monk since he spent there a great deal of time. Thus, in 1933 Monk organized his first band which gave performances at parties and even several gigs at restaurants (Kelley 35). This was the start of Monk’s musical career. Monk’s first steps in his music career In 1934 Monk’s band performed at â€Å"Audition Night† and won the main prize, ten dollars. In fact, they won several times, so Monk’s sister Marion recalled: â€Å"The three of them would go up and they won every time they went up, so they barred them from coming up there because they were wining each time† (Kelley 36). However, these victories did not bring any fame to the trio. They were still playing for little money and no publi city. Instead, Monk’s musical career influenced negatively his study. He was in class only sixteen days out of ninety-two and got â€Å"zeroes† for all subjects (Kleinzahler BR10). Having broken his mother’s aspiration that her son would get proper education, Monk devoted himself totally to his God, music. It is necessary to add that those were really difficult times of the Great Depression so any money brought into the family were of great importance. Soon Monk’s mother arranged his playing for Reverend Graham, a female evangelist, who was preparing her tour of the west â€Å"in order to save souls and drive out affliction† (Kelley 40). This period of his life is believed to produce great impact on Monk’s further life and music style. Despite of some remarks that Monk was a kind of travelling with a circus, the experience in church was really important for him. In contrast to his early style, quite a lot is known about his playing for this tour. Thus, Kelley suggests that Monk was influenced by such gospel hymns composers as Dorsey and Tindley (45). Interestingly, blues and jazz were regarded as demonic at that time, and at the same time African-American evangelists used some points of these music genres. Apart from the development of unique music style this period influenced his manner of performance. Monk used to stop playing, stand up and dance a bit while other musicians in the band were playing. According to Kelley:Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Thelonious Monk – Unorthodox Pianist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His â€Å"dance† consisted of a peculiar spinning move, elbow pumping up and down on each turn, with an occasional stutter step allowing him to glide left and right. It was a deliberate embodiment of the rhythm of each tune†¦ At the very least, what Monk witnessed on the road with the evangelist reinforced for him the essential relationship between music and dance – music is supposed to move the body and touch the soul (46). After his return to New York he takes up any job: he plays at parties and at night clubs. It was at that time when he fell in love with Rubbie, so he desperately needed money to marry and make his living. After numerous attempts to find proper job he entered union, to become secure from jobs when musicians could be fired and get no salary at all. The membership in union was beneficial not only for his certain financial security but for his style development. At that time he met many prominent musicians and those new acquaintances inspired him not only perform his music but create his own pieces. Eventually, in 1941 Monk was offered a permanent job at Minton’s Playhouse which was â€Å"about to become a jazz legend† (Kelley 59). This was, in fact, a great starting point for his worldwide fame and recognition. Of course, not only Thelonious play ed at that place, many significant figures of jazz music were performing there as well. This variety of styles, believes and approaches also contributed to Monk’s style development which brought him success. Monk’s contribution into the development of jazz music Thelonious Monk’s great success. Starting from 1941 Monk has a chance to reveal his talent to public. He improvised and played his own music. His style became distinctive and, of course, unique. Sometimes (in some tunes or compositions) people saw slight similarities with other performers. However, Monk never stopped surprising his listeners and those who knew him well. His performances were unique, vigorous extravagant and inspiring. At that period he worked really hard. He had only few hours of sleep dedicating the rest of the day to rehearsing, playing, creating. It is necessary to add that it was then that his friends noticed his mental problems: they could see him sleeping at his piano, forgetting t hings. However, this was also the period of his first records. As Sheridan claims it is difficult to denote the precise date of the performance, but those records are extremely valuable since they reveal Monk’s style at the very beginning of his career (7). It is necessary to add that at the time when others try to invent something Monk was just playing his music: â€Å"What I was doing was just the way I was thinking. I wasn’t thinking about trying to change the course of jazz, I was trying to play something that sounded good† (qtd. in Sheridan 7).Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, Monk’s music sounded great and attracted many people. Thelonious was an unorthodox pianist who had a great sense for music. He knew where it is necessary to pause and when the piano should blow with dissonant twist, he harmonized such changes in tune perfectly. Crouch claims that in Monk’s music there was a mix of conventional and outlandish melodies, sophisticated and primitive tunes (87). Since then Monk’s music and his performances gained great popularity. He was giving successful gigs, managed to make many recordings. Of course, some people criticized Monk, and this made him eager to prove that his style is not a primitive lack of technique but sophistication of his talent. He had some problems with tardiness and eventually got fired, in spite of the fact that public adored him (Sheridan 15). So, Monk arranged a band of young musicians and continued performing for his admirers. In 1948 Monk had first recording session for Blue Note, Thelonious, Subur ban Eyes and Down Beat (Sheridan 18). This was a remarkable session since it was the first one to be under his own name. Later there were another sessions. It is necessary to point out that then Monk did not have many gigs and performances. However, those he had were really outstanding. Monk’s legacy comprises about 70 compositions which are all musical masterpieces (Otfinoski 161). He worked really hard for twenty years and gave a lot of performances which made him famous worldwide. He made several tours in the United States and also tour to Europe where he became a great success. Crouch stresses Monk’s magnificent ability to develop the theme of his each work. He managed to maintain one and the same theme throughout his melody, even when at the same time shifted from one theme to another. His strong accents and unpredictable improvisations made him one of the most significant jazz musicians of the twentieth century. Monk’s unorthodox style and his contribution into the development of jazz Admittedly, the role of Thelonious Monk in the history of music is impossible to overestimate. His desire to play good music led to the development of the unique music genre within a genre. He revolutionized jazz music breaking all conventional rules and prejudice. Monk used to mention that he often heard someone playing his music. He was an inspiration for many musicians and composers. Crouch even calls Monk â€Å"a theoretician and instructor† who taught what jazz really was to such prominent musicians as Dizzie Gillespie or Miles Davis (86). Monk understood the real nature and aim of jazz music which demands that musicians presented their own versions of traditional â€Å"four-four swing†, their own ballads and blues compositions (Crouch 87). Moreover, Monk foresaw the real role of the listener of jazz music which is not passive at all. Monk required that the listener should â€Å"play the song along with him, fill in the holes† he used to leave, the listener should understand what he was doing â€Å"with the beat, or at least sense more than ordinary† (Crouch 87). Monk was not simply playing some music but rather telling a story. Some people cannot understand his metaphors and images and criticizes Monk for being too inconsistent. But Thelonious explains: â€Å"Everything I play is different; different melody, different harmony, different structure. Each piece is different from the other one. I have a standard and, when the song tells a story, when it gets a certain sound, then it’s through†¦ completed† (qtd. in Sheridan xxxi). Such distortion of the composition melody and harmony is regarded as a transition from the oldest jazz to the newest one (Sheridan xxxi). Monk opened up new horizons for jazz musicians. His major message was that there can be no conventions in jazz music which should be a reflection of every soul. For instance, Monk revealed his inner thoughts, his dreams. He used to contemplate using melodies and tunes. In his music he reveals the world around him. Thus, Monk once said: â€Å"You want to know what sounds I put into my music? Well, you have to go to New York and listen for yourself. I can’t describe them† (qtd. in Sheridan xxxiv). Thus, his music has taught that the music is everywhere; moreover, it cannot be that harmonious as conventional rules want it to be. The life itself makes unpredictable accents, makes abruptions, mixes tunes. Perhaps, this universal comprehensiveness of his music which evokes the most sacred parts of human soul made Monk an iconic composer and a Giant of jazz. Monk’s last years and his significance for the history of jazz Unfortunately, Thelonious Monk was too similar to his music: he was as unpredictable, inconsistent and non-understandable for many. These features determined quite short period of time of his fruitful work. Only two decades Monk was creating his best compositions and gi ving his greatest performances. The little talented boy who revealed his uniqueness at a very early age managed to present only twenty years of flourishing talent to the world as an adult musician. Of course, it is necessary to admit that Monk had to live in quite difficult times. Financial difficulties social problems could not be beneficial for the development of jazz music and easy fast-growing success of an African-American musician. Moreover, he had serious problems with his health which started when he was young. Apart from this he took amphetamines which also shorten his life and caused various problems for his musical career. In fact, it is still unclear why he quitted so abruptly. Perhaps, it was the answer can be found in his music which is characterized by such dissonants and abruptions. However, more likely this inconsistency is rather in Monk’s nature which is revealed in his compositions. Smooth melodies were quite unnatural for him. Thus, the last decade of his life Monk gave few performances and did not create anything new. Of course, he gained his fame and was praised as one of the most important figures in jazz music, and was proud of that status. However, he was not anymore a participant of performances and concerts as he used to be. His health problems worsen. He spent many days at hospital and when he was home his health disturbed him. Thelonious spent his last years in the house of his friend and benefactor Pannonica de Koenigswarter, the â€Å"jazz baroness† and in 1982 he died â€Å"in the arms of his wife, Nellie† (Kleinzahler BR10). Of course, his music remained immortal and his contribution into the world music can never be forgotten. Monk is an embodiment of the life itself. In conclusion, it is possible to point out that extraordinary life and divine gift of an unorthodox pianist made it possible for many people to admire his passionate music. Thelonious Monk was a representative of a generation of great transf ormers. Moreover, he embodied the entire epoch in his compositions. This was the epoch of great changes which led to the development of new jazz. Nowadays it is impossible to imagine jazz music without Monk’s vision and improvisation. His legacy is still inspiring many musicians not only in the United States but far beyond the boundaries of this country or even the continent. Monk’s revolutionary approach is now a conventional basis for jazz music which teaches that this kind of music cannot follow any conventions. Unfortunately, too many performances were not recorded. Nevertheless, Thelonious Monk was a great theoretician and his remarks and numerous interviews can, at least partially, revive his affluent heritage. Of course, no one will be able to perform like Monk but his legacy will create numerous prominent jazz musicians in future. Works Cited Crouch, Stanley. Considering Genius: Writings on Jazz. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007. Kelley, Robin D. G. Thelonio us Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009. Kleinzahler, August. â€Å"Monk’s Moods.† New York Times 18 October 2009: BR10. Otfinoski, Steven. African Americans in the Performing Arts. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Sheridan, Chris. Brilliant Corners: A Bio-Discography of Thelonious Monk. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. Solis, Gabriel. Monk’s Music: Thelonious Monk and Jazz History in the Making. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. This term paper on Thelonious Monk – Unorthodox Pianist was written and submitted by user Alisson Alvarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates

Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates Introduction The measure of expectancy theory depends on attitude of employees as the only measure for their relationships (DuBrin, 388, 2008). Every person has a different perception of achieving firm’s set targets/goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also have various personal targets such as the anticipate goals set during their elevated efforts in performances. The expectancy theory is one of the standardized measures of how people make their own business decisions depending on the differences of behavioural patterns, which determine the alternatives they are likely to choose. These behavioural patterns are known as the motivational forces (MF) over tasks, actions or business conducts, which determines performance (DuBrin, 388, 2008). According DuBrin (388, 2008), Vroom’s Expectancy theory presents the motiv ational force as a measure that depends on three factors namely, Valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Motivational force is thus a product of the three factors. MF= Valence * Expectancy * Instrumentality Reference of the Expectancy theory The emotional point of reference that each employee has towards satisfactory achievement of personal goals refers to valence. One needs to place some motivating goals such as the rewards they anticipate at the end of the contract. These rewards can be needs, goals or personal values such as better remuneration packages, promotion, and engagement into a program. From the case study, Andrew’s valence was the promised nomination for the firm’s management course, which would provide opportunity for possible posting as a future executive. Andrew anticipated higher income was indirect since his primary concern was possibility of getting promotion to a management position after the firm’s managerial studies. The program sponsored by the company is highly respected since upon completion, successful learners have high possibilities of becoming executives in the firm. Andrew hard and long input hours were in the aim of securing a place at the program.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Valence depends on one’s expectations of satisfaction. It is a force that makes people to react differently for a given situation for instance, the position one get appointed to may be having situations that cause a lot of anxiety but one can give in all other aspirations, to achieve the goals amidst crisis. It is individual’s attitude towards determining the motivational levels. These personal perceptions are subject to intrinsic beliefs for instance, a person might shy away from a task or role due to value for personal peace of mind, while those with greater value for money will work towards the goa ls to enhance their pays. Valence is therefore not the final product or satisfaction that one gets after attaining a goal, but the expectations for some personal goals (DuBrin, 389, 2008). This means that employees who lack motivating factors have zero valences. They have negative point of reference or find no need of attaining goals. Contrary David felt that Andrew had not attained the require competence to get a nomination for a position to the graduates ‘management training program due to the reports about his performance on the assigned tasks, and this injured his further prospects in the firm. According to DuBrin (389, 2008), Expectancy Theory indicates that expectancy is a personal conviction over ability or strength to meet firm or self-set targets/goals. It is personal desire to achieve expected levels, especially those set by the management. The desire makes one to have a strong conviction over personal ability to deliver, therefore one is able to place expectancy bas ed on prior analysis of efforts and performance on similar tasks. At the attachment and casual levels, Andrew had the submissive and agreeing personality that went well with the supervisors as well as the customers. This good quality made him a good sales person and presented him as an amiable personality among his clients who had become regular customers. His advice to clients enhanced his relationship with supervisors since it was crucial for their decision-making and need to return to the store. His reputation at the store during internship and casual programs was excellent and the relationship with the store manager caused his recall after his six-month certificate course to serve as the assistant manager. David was sure that Andrew would meet the expectancy levels based on his prior performances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recall also boosted Andrew’s confidence and therefore all along he expected that his efforts would lead to anticipated performance. He was sure that positive interactions with others and hard work would improve customer experiences, and consequently improve sales. Andrew was a self-proclaimed achiever as indicated by his actions. He was immensely confident of achieving the set objective of enhancing employees- customers’ relationship and gain a subsequent accomplishment of his set-objective, to win nomination for the prestigious company’s managerial course. Contrary, when an employee feels that the efforts may fail to meet the set targets, their probable expectations are lower. The level of confidence determines the employees’ expectancy and eventually boosts motivational levels. In accordance with McShane et al (331, 2010) Expectancy Theory indicates that when the employee is confidence enough, the managements are ready to live up to the end of the bargain since his involvement is a good deal. This influential or convincing level is termed as instrumentality. European clubs bargain for good international athletes and are often ready to pay highly since they eventually anticipate better results and consequently better financial benefits for their clubs. Instrumentality is therefore the probability that a certain engagement will deliver better outcomes based on the relationship between prior perceived performances and offered rewards. It is a personal believe that ability to meet performance levels translates to better or hefty rewards. In most firms people believe that better performances such as better production leads to bigger rises in salary or levels of command. Various companies offer commission for achievement of certain levels of performances. In such a situation, employees will be motivated to achieve the set level for the material gains. The companies therefore fail to establish a better, constant method of motivatio n. The extra gain is the valence since it creates satisfaction. The set target is achievable, but it depends on one’s confidence over ability. In such a case, the valence and personal expectancy of higher compensation are very instrumental in determining possibilities of working hard to realize the set target. In line with Gitman and McDaniel (246, 2008), â€Å"The product between perceived levels of satisfaction, the personal confidence of achieving the level and the rewards that one hopes to achieve makes up a motivated person.† â€Å"Valence* Expectancy* Instrumentality = Motivation†. Since motivation forces is a product of the three factors, if any of them is zero, then there is lack of a motivating force.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the call up, Andrew was assigned role of restructuring the employee’s relationships with clients across the entire city store. His confidence emerged due to fact that most colleagues liked him even better than they liked their manager. They were free to discuss with him various business challenges and follow his guidance. This was a boost on his expectancy probability and his confidence that his efforts would deliver required results. Andrew’s confidence strengthened his instrumental probability to meet the set expectations and therefore receive the promised reward. The reward was his immediate valence to win nomination for the prestigious management-training program. Equity Theory of employees’ Motivation According to Gitman and McDaniel (247, 2008), equity theory of employees motivation determines the relationship between the drudgery of an employee and the fairness of the management’s actions against their work. Berating staff due to failure to meet achievements is common in many organizations or firms. There is a great correlation between an employee’s perception of supervisors’ treatments and efforts required for the task. This relationship determines the motivational level and any future decisions. Equity theory enables employees to find a balance between their input to a job/task and output (Gitman and McDaniel, 247, 2008). The employees unconsciously place values for their contributions such as time factor (amount of time lost), qualifications, contributed experience, strength and capabilities. The output values are often promotion (status or power gains), recommendation, monetary gains, work flexibility, variety and perquisites, some of which one is able to gain after a promotion. Andrew perceived David’s decision to nominate a colleague instead for the management course as unfair and considered a quit would be better than another year’s wait. His efforts were enormous since he had follow- up programs for the employees and worked extra hours due to the expectancy probability of winning the nomination. Although the efforts were great, he lacked strategy and evaluation procedures. Lengthy sessions were devoted to training and solving individual problems to perfect their presentations. He forgot that the performance analysis, mainly analysis of company’s income from sales would be the key determinant of performance and not the employees’ abilities. At one time, Andrew considered the performance analysis to be David’s task and confidently thought that his strategies would deliver better results. This was a clear indication that achievement depends on performance of various people in the organization; therefore, cooperation and guidance are key aspects of performance. Comparison of Case to Expectancy Theory According to DuBrin (289, 2008), on expectancy theory, a highly motivated person is one who is able to achieve his/her valence, but achievement is also measurable in terms of whether the rewards are measurable to the efforts. Fair treatment therefore comes in when the remuneration is equivalent or close to the work input. Although fair treatment is essential, employees should not be treated equally, despite others measuring up better in terms of their contributions to the firm. In line with DuBrin, (289, 2008), over rewarded employees perform better and have better produce compared to the under-rewarded employees. David’s failure to nominate Andrew was a clear indication that there existed conflict over their valence. Andrew worked towards achieving the nomination from his supervisor, while David focused on his bonus gains after enormous sales volumes. However, there is negligence from both since Andrew would have found some means of determining his performances other than basing on possibility of performing better as per the employee’s responses. David on the other hand should have been involved in evaluation pr ocedures and thus offer guidance early enough to avoid poor outcomes that were converse to expectations. Andrew deserved better treatment and encouragement even when he failed to meet the sales levels. He had achieved the set goal of improving customer experiences but in a different manner, which failed to be productive enough. Andrew felt the urge to quit and find something different such as enrol for the commerce degree elsewhere because his instrumental probability in line with expectancy theory has failed thus killing his motivating factor (Gitman and McDaniel, 247, 2008). His output as the assistant manager at city store was in vain, since it was the only bridge for the managerial course and consequently long-term prosperity at Myer Company. Andrew was being compelled by consequences. According to Gitman and McDaniel (246, 2008), reinforcement theory states that behaviour exists as a meaning of one’s consequences. The manager’s decision not to nominate him shutter s Andrew’s self-confidence. Instead of just indicating his intentions of nominating one of Andrew’s colleagues for the program, David would have taken time to review Andrew’s performance together with him and point out the problems that caused failure. Providing alternative offered would also not shutter his motivation to a point of forfeiting his job for a different option. Clarification and alternative rewards encourage employees to work smarter or work on the same tasks/situations, since their instrumental probability is still in existence although lowered. Poor relationship between managers and subordinates creates discouragement and feeling of failure among the subordinates. They often cannot question the responsibility of the manager and thus endure the whole burden solemnly. Conclusion Good Working Relationships It is important to have good working relationships between managers and subordinates. The work relationship between David and Andrew must have go ne wrong considering that David had initially promised Andrew direct nomination into the management program, as long as he performed well as assistant manager during his first six months of service. Placing personal needs ahead of others destroys performances since there are high possibilities of obliterating any existing motivation among subordinates. David had a slow and hierarchical career progress, where he worked very hard in various companies to progress to the next level. He did not have job mentors and considered his experience as an essential business learning procedure. Due to his prior business-performance relationship with Andrew at Myre, David believed in Andrew’s excellence and knew that by engaging him as assistant manager, he would improve the aspect of customer courtesy across the entire store. This would eventually improve the store’s performances and he would gain better bonuses. On the other hand, having been awarded team responsibility in various s ections of the store, Andrew found this to be an opportunity to prove and market his leadership skills among them for a possible senior management position in the future. They were both acting selfishly for some personal gains or relating to personal prior experiences. Bibliography DuBrin, A. J. (2008). Essentials of Management. Ohio, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Publishers. Gitman, L. J. McDaniel, C. (2008). The Future of Business: The Essentials. Ohio, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Publishers. McShane, S., Olekalns, M. and Travaglione, T. (2010). Organisational Behaviour on  the Pacific Rim. 3rd Edition. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia.

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